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7.Carbohydrates Key takeaways from this class What are carbohydrates（什么是碳水化合物） What are the functions for carbohydrates（碳水化合物的功能） What are monosaccharides, Oligosaccharides, and Polysaccharides（什么是单糖、寡糖和多糖） Classification of Monosaccharides（单糖的分类） The Mechanism of Cyclic Structures（环状结构的形成机制） Derivatives of Monosaccharides（单糖的衍生物） Glycosidic Bond（糖苷键） Polysaccharide Types and Functions（多糖的类型与功能） basic definition Carbohydrates are the single most abundant class of organic molecules found in na ...

Fatty Acid Catabolism 基础 图 mobilize动员 fatty acid from food and adipose tissue Hormones Trigger the Release of Fatty Acids from Adipose Tissue 从脂肪组织动员 总结就是一串激活, 然后3/2/1的lipase把fatty acid 拆下来扔到血里 hormone → receptors → adenylyl cyclase → cAMP → protein kinase A → triacylglycerol lipase Fatty acids are released from adipocytes hormone messengers adrenaline/epinephrine 肾上腺素 glucagon 胰高血糖素 adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)促肾上腺皮质激素 These signal molecules bind to receptors on membrane of adip ...

20.Electron Transport Chain & Oxidative Phosphorylation basic 整体上将电子传递给O2,建立H+梯度并利用合成ATP A total of 3 ATP per NADH and 2 ATP per FADH2 may be produced through the processes of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation Combining glycolysis and the TCA cycle gives 注意一个glycose进行一次glycolysis和两次TCA Electrons stored in the form of the reduced coenzymes, NADH or [FADH2], are passed through a highly organized chain of proteins and coenzymes, the so-called electron transport chain, finally ...

18.Glycolysis basic Carried out in the cytosol of cells, it is basically an anaerobic 厌氧 process its principal steps occur with no oxygen provide precursor molecules for aerobic catabolic pathways 有氧代谢过程 Compartmentalization of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. 图 two phase first phase basic glucose → two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G-3-P) 3-磷酸甘油醛 consume 2 ATP Reaction 1 - Phosphorylation of Glucose → G-6-P (-ATP) 调控步骤 The First Priming Re ...

22.Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen, the Pentose Phosphate Pathway Gluconeogenesis 糖异生 basic 为什么需要gluconeogenesis Human metabolism, for example, consumes about 160±20 grams of glucose per day, about 75% of this in the brain Body fluids carry only about 20 grams of free glucose, and glycogen stores normally can provide only about 180 to 200 grams of free glucose 糖原只带着人够一天多的葡萄糖供给 所以人要从不是碳水化合物的前体合成葡萄糖来用 The Substrates of Gluconeogenesis include pyruvate, lactate, and amino acid, as well as glycerol and ...

Nitrogen Acquisition and Amino Acid Metabolism Nitrogen Is Cycled Between Organisms and the Inanimate Environment The nitrogen cycle. Organic nitrogenous compounds are formed by the incorporation of NH4+ into carbon skeletons. Note that denitrification and nitrogen fixation are anaerobic processes. 反硝化作用和固氮作用都是厌氧过程 图 The reduction of NO3- to NH4+ occurs in green plants, various fungi, and certain bacteria in a two-step metabolic pathway known as nitrate assimilation硝酸盐同化. The formation o ...

Lipid Biosynthesis 发生地点 Eukaryotic Lipids are Made at a Variety of Sites Occurs mainly in liver and adipocytes (mammals) Most lipid biosynthesis in eukaryotic cells occurs in the ER. Enzymes of lipid synthesisare membrane-bound with active sites facing the cytosol. Other lipid synthesis locations include - plasma membrane, mitochondria, lysosomes and peroxisomes fatty acid synthesis vs degradation 合成与消耗反应的区别 Intermediates in fatty acid synthesisare linked covalently to the sulfhydryl 巯基 g ...

1011.Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Nitrogenous Bases Two purines 嘌呤 and three pyrimidines 嘧啶 are commonly found in cells The Pentoses of Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids In both RNA and DNA, the pentose is in the five-membered ring form known as furanose 呋喃糖 - D-ribofuranose for RNA and 2-deoxy-D-ribofuranose for DNA Nucleosides Are Formed by Joining a Nitrogenous Base to a Sugar b-Glycosidic bonds 糖苷键 link nitrogenous bases and sugars to form nucleosides 核苷 The common ribonucleosides ...

21.Photosynthesis basic Photosynthesis Occurs in Membranes In photosynthetic eukaryotes, the photosynthetic membranes are localized in large organelles known as chloroplast 叶绿体 In photosynthetic prokaryotes, like cyanobacteria蓝藻, the photosynthetic membranes fill up the cell interior 总反应 Chloroplasts 叶绿体 thylakoid membrane 类囊体膜 Characteristic of all chloroplasts is the organization of the inner membrane system, the so-called thylakoid membrane 类囊体膜 The thylakoid membrane has a highly chara ...

56.Proteins Key takeaways from this class 图 结构 Protein Shape fibrous proteins Proteins having structural roles in cells are typically fibrous and often water insoluble. Collagen胶原蛋白 is a good example. Collagen is composed of three polypeptide chains that intertwine. globular proteins Soluble proteins serving metabolic functions can be characterized as compactly folded globular molecules, such as myoglobin 肌红蛋白. The folding pattern puts hydrophilic amino acid side chains on the outs ...