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血液 blood plasma blood cells leukocytes 白细胞 WBC granulocytes 粒细胞 neutrophils 中性粒细胞 eosinophils 嗜酸性粒细胞 basophils 嗜碱性粒细胞 agranulocytes 不是粒细胞 lymphocytes 淋巴细胞 monocytes 单核细胞 macrophages 巨噬细胞 erythrocytes 红细胞 RBC 99% platelets 血小板 一些性质 组成 blood volume 80~85ml/kg female 45L, male 56L about 7~8% of body weight Density (compared to water) Whole blood: 1.050~1.060 Plasma: 1.025~1.030 RBC: 1.090~1.092 Viscosity 粘度 the resistance of a fluid to flow, resulting from the cohesion of its pa ...

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单词DNA Replication Mechanisms概念介绍semiconservative 半保留复制replication origins 复制起点specified by DNA sequences several hundred bps in length, which contains Short sequences that attract initiator proteins 起始蛋白结合位点 DNA sequences that are especially easy to open.包含A-T较多,方便打开 Prokaryotic Chromosome Has a Single Ori原核细胞染色质只有一个复制起点 Eukaryotic Chromosome Contains Multiple Origins of Replication Replication ForkReplication fork (复制叉) grow bi-directionally from the origin.The replication fork is a ...

单词nucleotide 核苷酸ribose 核糖deoxyribose 脱氧核糖ribonuclotide 核糖核苷酸deoxyribonucleotide 脱氧核糖核苷酸adenine 腺嘌呤guanine 鸟嘌呤thymine 胞嘧啶cytosine 胞嘧啶uracil 尿嘧啶glycosylic bond 糖苷键phosphodiester bond 磷酸二酯键sugar-phosphate backbone 糖-磷酸骨架diploid 二倍体homologous 同源 Nucleic AcidDNAdouble stranded helixpaired polymer chains nucleotides 核苷酸a sugar (deoxyribose)-phosphate molecule + nitrogen containing side group (base) basepurines 嘌呤adenine Aguanine G pyrimidines 嘧啶thymine Tcytosine Curacil U 化学键glycosylic bond 糖 ...

基础fluid-mosaic model 液态镶嵌模型lipid rafts model 脂筏模型 liposome 脂质体,人造的双分子层,可以用于药物传递 总览👇 Compositionmembrane lipid 脂质lipid bilayer 磷脂双分子层 phospholipids 磷脂phosphoglycerides 甘油磷脂甘油👇 sphingolipids 鞘脂sphingosine (鞘氨醇)👇 sterol 固醇主要说说cholesterol胆固醇 cholesterol胆固醇 composes about 30% of all animal cellmembranes. containing a rigid ring (甾环) attached to a single polar hydroxyl group and a short nonpolar hydrocarbon chain 胆固醇结构👇 胆固醇orient themselves in the bilayer with their hydroxyl group close to the pol ...

transport proteincarrier protein 载体蛋白被动+主动运输 特点highly selective 结合特定溶质→构象变化→跨膜 saturation kinetics 饱和动力学,底物变多后跨膜速度会趋于稳定,所有载体蛋白都在工作 permease 载体蛋白也被叫做通透酶 channel protein 通道蛋白被动运输 分类 ion channel 离子通道,大部分通道蛋白都是离子通道 porin 孔蛋白,线粒体上有 aquaporin 水通道 ion channel分类 voltage-gated 电压门通道比如突触释放Ca2+ ligand-gated 配体门通道比如神经递质结合,Na+通道打开 stress-activated 应力激活通道比如听力的形成 特点gated 门控 form hydrophilic channel no saturation kinetics 不会饱和 pasiive transportsimple diffusion 简单扩散细胞膜具有selectivity permeable选择透过性semiperm ...

注意proteoglycan 蛋白聚糖主要是糖,95%重量 glycoproteins 糖蛋白主要是蛋白 ECM is made and oriented by the cells within iteg.Fibroblasts成纤维细胞 glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)amino sugar氨基糖 与 uronic acid糖醛酸 重复 highly negatively charged 4种GAGshyaluronanchondroitin sulfateheparan sulfatekeratan sulfate 特性 GAGs tend to adopt highly extended conformations that occupy a huge volume relative to their mass 善于填充整个空间 GAGs form hydrated gels even at very low concentrations.由于带负电所以可以吸引正点离子然后通过渗透压吸水,高度含水 GAGs enable the matrix to w ...

单词principle of TranscriptionGenes can be expressed with different efficiencies. A cell can regulate the expression genes according to its needs —— most commonly by controlling the production of its RNA. The RNA chain produced by transcription—The transcript(转录本). 和RNA转录本碱基互补的是template/antisense strand(模板链/反义链) 和RNA转录本相同的是non-template strand/sense strand(非模板链/有义链) Initiation总览RNA polymerase, together with one or more transcription factors(TFs), binds to promoter DNARNA聚合酶以及转录因子与DNA的启动子结合 Pr ...

baisic of translationtranslation occurs in ribosomes in the cytoplasm细胞质 or across the membrane of the endoplasmic内质网 ribosome 核糖体ribosome is a complex of rRNA and proteintwo subunits –smaller and larger 核糖体有4个RNA结合位点,一个mRNA,还有三个E,P,A codons 密码子is a consecutive groups of three nucleotides 一个 amino acid 对应多个codonsThe codons are degenerate (简并的) or redundant(丰余的) AUG编码methionine甲硫氨酸,是起始密码子 编码同一种的氨基酸的密码子称为synonymous codons同义密码子 一个RNA有三种翻译方式,根据起始位置而定,但是只有一种能翻译出所需的蛋白质 tRNAtransfer RNA t ...