细胞生物学_DNA,Chromosomes,and genomes
单词
nucleotide 核苷酸
ribose 核糖
deoxyribose 脱氧核糖
ribonuclotide 核糖核苷酸
deoxyribonucleotide 脱氧核糖核苷酸
adenine 腺嘌呤
guanine 鸟嘌呤
thymine 胞嘧啶
cytosine 胞嘧啶
uracil 尿嘧啶
glycosylic bond 糖苷键
phosphodiester bond 磷酸二酯键
sugar-phosphate backbone 糖-磷酸骨架
diploid 二倍体
homologous 同源
Nucleic Acid
DNA
double stranded helix
paired polymer chains
nucleotides 核苷酸
a sugar (deoxyribose)-phosphate molecule + nitrogen containing side group (base)
base
purines 嘌呤
adenine A
guanine G
pyrimidines 嘧啶
thymine T
cytosine C
uracil U
化学键
glycosylic bond 糖苷键
糖跟碱基之间的键
phosphodiester bond 磷酸二酯键
两个核苷酸之间的键
The Central Dogma
总览
DNA复制
DNA is synthesized on a template formed by a pre-existing DNA strand.
templated polymerization 模板聚合
complementary strand 互补链
base pairing 碱基配对
ncRNAs 非编码RNA
1.snRNAs 核小RNA,剪接mRNA
2.tRNA 转运RNA
3.rRNA 核糖体RNA
Eukaryotic Chromosome
基础
人类DNA是diploid二倍体
22*2+XY
chromatin染色质
Nucleosomes Are a basic Unit of Eukaryotic Chromosome Structure
Nucleosomes Are Packed Together into a Compact Chromatin Fiber
nucleosome核小体结构
8 histone proteins
8个组蛋白
octameric histone core
(H2A)2(H2B)2(H3)2(H4)2
许多核小体形成一个zigzag model of chromatin fiber
还有一个H1组蛋白,用来连接核小体
chromosome 染色体
染色体是高度聚合的,在分裂时候才存在
Chromosomes are condensed 10,000 times more than the normal DNA double helix,
whereas the Chromatins are condensed 50 times than the normal DNA double helix.
sister chromatids 姐妹染色体
centromere 着丝粒
telomere 端粒
有丝分裂时候染色体👇
Heterochromatin 异染色质
常染色质叫Euchromatin
异染色质在分裂间期也高度折叠
Heterochromatin is highly concentrated in certain regions, most notably at the centromeres and telomeres
异染色质在着丝粒核端粒处高度集中
遗传惰性，不编码不转录蛋⽩质
Genomic complexity
The Definition of a Gene: The segment of DNA sequence correspond to a single protein or alternative protein variants or to a single catalytic, regulatory, or structural RNA molecule.
TheDefinition of a Genome: The totality of the genetic information as embodied in complete DNAsequences.
RNA molecules transcribed from the same DNA segment can often be processed in more than one
way, so as to give rise to alternative versions of a protein.
ncDNA noncoding DNA 非编码DNA
intron 内含子
exon 外显子
Single-nucleotide polymorphism
单核苷酸多态性
