Vexpaer

OverviewVesicle transport refers to transport the substance to the destination and fuse融合 with the target organelle or plasma membrane by vesicles budding出芽 from the surface of an organelle or endocytic vesicles内吞囊泡 formed from the plasma membrane. membrane flow胞内膜流动highly organized, directional and maintains dynamic equilibrium Endocytosis (胞吞作用) and Exocytosis (胞吐作用)Endocytosis (胞吞作用): The formation of vesicles by invagination内陷 of the plasma membrane, wrapping substances outside the cell or o ...

overview of the cell cyclecell cycle : A cell reproduces by performing an orderly sequence of events in which it duplicates its contents and then divides in two. (Cycle of duplication and division) The most fundamental task in one cell cycle: the passing on of its genetic information to the next generation of cells The duration of the cell cycle varies greatly from one cell type to another.不同细胞的细胞周期时长差异巨大 M-phase里分为mitosis和cytokineses 如果环境不适应,细胞可以停在G1期或进入G0期,环境合适时候会通过start/resriction point,开始D ...

单词apotosis 细胞凋亡necrosis 细胞坏死endonucleases 内切酶electrophoretic 电泳的embryonic 胚胎的 apotosis&necrosisapotosis定义-autonomous and orderly cell death controlled by genes to maintain internal environmental stability为维持内环境稳定，由基因控制的细胞自主的有序的死亡occurs by a programmed sequence of molecular eventsis an active processcell shrinks,Chromatain condenses and breaks up into fragments,finally form apotosis bodies(membrane-enclosed fragments)no damaging inflammatory responses necrosis细胞被动死亡，没有细胞膜包裹，细胞内容物释放到细胞外产生炎症反 ...

Cell juctionscell junctions总览👇 anchoring junctions接头蛋白连着外面的adhesion proteinanchoring junctions总览👇 cell-cellAdhesion belt 黏合带Function → Coordinated contraction of this network provides the motile活动的 force for a fundamental process in animal morphogenesis形态变化 DesmosomeFunctions → Provide mechanical strength ( eg.heart muscle and the epidermis) cell-matrixFocal adhesionFunctions → Anchor cells to ECM, respond to mechanical forces. HemidemosomeFunctions → Anchor cells to the basal lamina基底层 ti ...

单词Extracellular 细胞外的Signal Molecules 信号分子Intracellular 细胞内的Second Messengers 第二信使Enzymatic Cascades 酶级联反应Endocrine Signaling 内分泌信号Hormone 激素Paracrine Signaling 旁分泌信号Growth Factor 生长因子Autocrine Signaling 自分泌信号Synaptic Signaling 突触信号Neurotransmitter 神经递质Contact-dependent Signaling 接触依赖性信号Nuclear Receptor Superfamily 核受体超家族Hydrophobic Signal Molecules 疏水性信号分子Ion-Channel-Coupled Receptors 离子通道偶联受体G-Protein-Coupled Receptors G蛋白偶联受体Enzyme-Coupled Receptors 酶偶联受体Cyt ...

单词filament 丝treadmill 踏车nucleation 核聚elongation 扩展steady state 稳态critical concentration 关键浓度treadmilling 踏车myosin 肌球蛋白kinesin 驱动蛋白dynein 动力蛋白 三种protein filamentactin filament(microfilament) 肌动蛋白丝(微丝)determine the shape of the cell’s surface and are necessary for whole cell locomotion and the pinching of one cell into two确定细胞表面的形状，是整个细胞运动和将一个细胞夹成两个细胞所必需的 microtubules 微管determine the position of membrane-enclosed organelles, direct intracellular transport, and form mitotic spindle that segregate ...

The Compartmentalization of Eukaryotic CellsThree categories of compartments 三种区室 the cytoplastic matrix 细胞质基质 the endomembrane systemER, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes membrane-bound organellesmitochondria, peroxisomes, and the nucleus Cytoplasmic Matrix细胞质基质,也叫做cytosol胞质溶胶 highly ordered, key is cytoskeleton function Performs most of intermediary metabolism.执行大部分中间代谢 The site of protein and fat synthesis The function of cytoskeleton维持细胞形态,运动,物质运输,组织细胞质基质 The Functions of membrane systemdivid ...

structure of mitochondriaouter membrane 外膜inner membrane 内膜intermembrane space 膜间隙matrix 基质 outer membranecontains porin 孔蛋白 highly permeable高度可透,如ATP,NAD,CoA inner membraneimpermeable contain protein with 3 type of function Electron-transport chain电子传递链Carry out oxidation reactions ATP synthase在matrix中合成ATP Transport proteins允许代谢物通过Allow the passage of metabolites matrix the site where chemical reactions occur比如pyruvate丙酮酸 and fatty acid脂肪酸的氧化 DNA replication , RNA transcription ATP ...

Signal HypothesisSignal sequence/peptide (N端信号序列 / 信号肽)Signal recognition particles SRP (信号识别颗粒)SRP receptors/docking proteins (信号识别颗粒受体 / 停泊蛋白) signal peptide包含N-terminal,hydrophobic core,C-terminal,信号肽酶会切掉信号肽 SRP其中有蛋白质与RNA,有两个区域signal peptide recognition domain and ribosome binding domain Translocon 易位子 SRP receptor specifically bind to SRP Signal peptidase (信号肽酶)ER luminal腔内 proteolytic水解 enzyme,专门切掉并降解信号肽 internal sequencesN-terminal signal peptide 是起始转移序列 stop-transfer anchor STA,这种序列可以 ...

Cell juctionsanchoring junctionscell-cellAdhesion beltDesmosomecell-matrixFocal adhesionHemidemosometight junctionsgap junctionsCell adhesion molecules 细胞黏附分子Cadherins 钙黏着蛋白Selectins 选择素蛋白Integrins 整联蛋白Adhesive immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily members 黏附免疫球蛋白超家族Extracellular matrix,ECM 细胞外基质glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)fibrous proteins 纤维蛋白collagen 胶原蛋白elastin 弹性蛋白a large class of noncollagen glycoproteinsFibronectin(FN) 纤维粘蛋白Laminin (LN) 层粘连蛋白Basal lamina (basement membrane)